Read the passage(s) below and answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage(s) and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Passage
A turning leaf stays green at first, then reveals splotches of yellow and red as chlorophyll gradually breaks down. Dark green seems to stay longest in the veins, outlining and defining them. During the summer, chlorophyll breaks down in the heat and light, but it is also being steadily replaced. In the fall, on the other hand, no new pigment is produced, and so we notice the other colors that were always there, although chlorophyll's shocking green hid them from view. With their camouflage gone, we see these colors for the first time all year, and marvel, but they were always there, hidden like a vivid secret beneath the hot glowing greens of summer.
Adapted from Diane Ackerman, A Natural History of the Senses ©1990 Diane Ackerman.
According to the passage, which of the following most directly causes leaves to change their color in the fall?
- A. Chlorophyll in the leaves beginning to break down then
- B. Heat and light causing new pigments to be produced
- C. Existing pigments becoming more uniform
- D. New chlorophyll no longer being produced
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
Leaves change color in the fall primarily due to the cessation of chlorophyll production. As chlorophyll breaks down and is not replaced, other pigments, such as carotenoids and anthocyanins, become more visible, leading to the vibrant autumn colors. Option A is misleading; while chlorophyll does break down, the key factor is that new chlorophyll is not produced. Option B incorrectly suggests that heat and light create new pigments, which is not the primary cause of color change. Option C is incorrect as it implies existing pigments become uniform rather than highlighting their visibility due to the lack of chlorophyll.
Leaves change color in the fall primarily due to the cessation of chlorophyll production. As chlorophyll breaks down and is not replaced, other pigments, such as carotenoids and anthocyanins, become more visible, leading to the vibrant autumn colors. Option A is misleading; while chlorophyll does break down, the key factor is that new chlorophyll is not produced. Option B incorrectly suggests that heat and light create new pigments, which is not the primary cause of color change. Option C is incorrect as it implies existing pigments become uniform rather than highlighting their visibility due to the lack of chlorophyll.
Other Related Questions
Which of the following, if true, would most challenge the 'implication' mentioned in the fourth sentence?
- A. Çatalhöyük's farmers obtained through trade the wheat and barley that Rosen analyzed.
- B. Çatalhöyük's farmers understood the impact of soil conditions on crop productivity.
- C. Çatalhöyük's farmers shared wheat and barley fields with neighboring villages.
- D. Çatalhöyük's farmers used wood that deteriorated in the damp environment.
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: A
Option A challenges the implication by suggesting that the wheat and barley analyzed by Rosen were not locally produced but rather obtained through trade. This undermines any claims about the agricultural practices or productivity of Çatalhöyük's farmers. Option B, while informative about farmers' understanding, does not directly dispute the source of the crops. Option C introduces a communal aspect to farming but does not negate the potential local production of wheat and barley. Option D discusses environmental factors affecting wood, which is unrelated to the production or sourcing of crops and does not challenge the implication at all.
Option A challenges the implication by suggesting that the wheat and barley analyzed by Rosen were not locally produced but rather obtained through trade. This undermines any claims about the agricultural practices or productivity of Çatalhöyük's farmers. Option B, while informative about farmers' understanding, does not directly dispute the source of the crops. Option C introduces a communal aspect to farming but does not negate the potential local production of wheat and barley. Option D discusses environmental factors affecting wood, which is unrelated to the production or sourcing of crops and does not challenge the implication at all.
Which choice best characterizes the way the author presents the relationship between the arts and political and social issues?
- A. The arts are a key driver of political and social change.
- B. The arts are a way to distract people from political and social problems.
- C. The arts reflect changes in the political and social landscape,
- D. The arts are stifled during times of political and social upheaval
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: C
The author illustrates that the arts serve as a mirror to society, effectively reflecting the evolving political and social landscape. This perspective highlights how artistic expression often responds to and encapsulates the sentiments of the times. Option A overstates the influence of the arts, suggesting they actively drive change rather than reflect it. Option B misrepresents the role of the arts, implying they serve only as distractions, which neglects their deeper societal relevance. Option D presents a limited view, focusing solely on suppression during upheaval, ignoring the arts' potential to comment on or critique such situations.
The author illustrates that the arts serve as a mirror to society, effectively reflecting the evolving political and social landscape. This perspective highlights how artistic expression often responds to and encapsulates the sentiments of the times. Option A overstates the influence of the arts, suggesting they actively drive change rather than reflect it. Option B misrepresents the role of the arts, implying they serve only as distractions, which neglects their deeper societal relevance. Option D presents a limited view, focusing solely on suppression during upheaval, ignoring the arts' potential to comment on or critique such situations.
Daryl and Kristen preferred not to see the latest horror film that their friends wanted to see, so they chose a showing of a highly rated comedy film that started and ended at the same time as the horror film.
- A. reciprocal
- B. congruent
- C. relevant
- D. concurrent
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
Daryl and Kristen chose to watch a comedy film that started and ended simultaneously with the horror film, indicating that both films occur at the same time. This situation is described as "concurrent," meaning events happening simultaneously. Option A, "reciprocal," refers to mutual actions or relationships, which does not apply here. Option B, "congruent," typically relates to figures or shapes that are identical in form, not relevant to film timings. Option C, "relevant," pertains to the significance of information, which doesn't capture the timing aspect of the films. Thus, "concurrent" accurately describes the films' overlapping schedules.
Daryl and Kristen chose to watch a comedy film that started and ended simultaneously with the horror film, indicating that both films occur at the same time. This situation is described as "concurrent," meaning events happening simultaneously. Option A, "reciprocal," refers to mutual actions or relationships, which does not apply here. Option B, "congruent," typically relates to figures or shapes that are identical in form, not relevant to film timings. Option C, "relevant," pertains to the significance of information, which doesn't capture the timing aspect of the films. Thus, "concurrent" accurately describes the films' overlapping schedules.
At the end of Passage 2. ('While... them'), the expert emphasizes
- A. function over form
- B. theory over practice
- C. ethics over ambition
- D. quality over quantity
Correct Answer & Rationale
Correct Answer: D
The emphasis on quality over quantity highlights the importance of substance in achieving meaningful results. Focusing on quality ensures that efforts lead to impactful outcomes, rather than merely increasing the number of tasks or projects. Option A, function over form, suggests prioritizing practicality, which is not the main point in this context. Option B, theory over practice, implies valuing ideas over action, contradicting the emphasis on tangible quality. Option C, ethics over ambition, shifts the focus to moral considerations rather than the value of high-quality efforts. Thus, the passage underscores the significance of quality in any endeavor.
The emphasis on quality over quantity highlights the importance of substance in achieving meaningful results. Focusing on quality ensures that efforts lead to impactful outcomes, rather than merely increasing the number of tasks or projects. Option A, function over form, suggests prioritizing practicality, which is not the main point in this context. Option B, theory over practice, implies valuing ideas over action, contradicting the emphasis on tangible quality. Option C, ethics over ambition, shifts the focus to moral considerations rather than the value of high-quality efforts. Thus, the passage underscores the significance of quality in any endeavor.